शब्दकोष
इस शब्दावली का उद्देश्य कुबेरनेट्स शब्दावली की एक व्यापक, मानकीकृत सूची है। इसमें कुबेरनेट्स के लिए विशिष्ट तकनीकी शब्द और उपयोगी संदर्भ प्रदान करने वाले सामान्य शब्द शामिल हैं।
शब्दों को उनके टैग के अनुसार फ़िल्टर करें
पर क्लिक करें [+] किसी विशेष शब्द के लिए लंबी व्याख्या प्राप्त करने के लिए नीचे दिए गए संकेतक।
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Admission ControllerLINK
A piece of code that intercepts requests to the Kubernetes API server prior to persistence of the object.
[+]Admission controllers are configurable for the Kubernetes API server and may be "validating", "mutating", or both. Any admission controller may reject the request. Mutating controllers may modify the objects they admit; validating controllers may not.
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AnnotationLINK
A key-value pair that is used to attach arbitrary non-identifying metadata to objects.
[+]The metadata in an annotation can be small or large, structured or unstructured, and can include characters not permitted by labels. Clients such as tools and libraries can retrieve this metadata.
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API serverLINKके रूप में भी जाना जाता है:kube-apiserver
The API server is a component of the Kubernetes control plane that exposes the Kubernetes API. The API server is the front end for the Kubernetes control plane.
[+]The main implementation of a Kubernetes API server is kube-apiserver. kube-apiserver is designed to scale horizontally—that is, it scales by deploying more instances. You can run several instances of kube-apiserver and balance traffic between those instances.
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API समूहLINK
कुबेरनेट्स API में संबंधित पथों का एक समूह।
[+]आप अपने API सर्वर के कॉन्फ़िगरेशन को बदलकर प्रत्येक API समूह को सक्षम या अक्षम कर सकते हैं। आप विशिष्ट संसाधनों के लिए पथ अक्षम या सक्षम भी कर सकते हैं। API समूह कुबेरनेट्स API का विस्तार करना आसान बनाता है। API समूह एक REST पथ में और एक क्रमबद्ध वस्तु के
apiVersionफ़ील्ड में निर्दिष्ट है।- अधिक जानकारी के लिए API समूह पढ़ें।
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API-initiated evictionLINK
API-initiated eviction is the process by which you use the Eviction API to create an
[+]Evictionobject that triggers graceful pod termination.You can request eviction either by directly calling the Eviction API using a client of the kube-apiserver, like the
kubectl draincommand. When anEvictionobject is created, the API server terminates the Pod.API-initiated evictions respect your configured
PodDisruptionBudgetsandterminationGracePeriodSeconds.API-initiated eviction is not the same as node-pressure eviction.
- See API-initiated eviction for more information.
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App ContainerLINK
Application containers (or app containers) are the containers in a pod that are started after any init containers have completed.
[+]An init container lets you separate initialization details that are important for the overall workload, and that don't need to keep running once the application container has started. If a pod doesn't have any init containers configured, all the containers in that pod are app containers.
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ApproverLINK
A person who can review and approve Kubernetes code contributions.
[+]While code review is focused on code quality and correctness, approval is focused on the holistic acceptance of a contribution. Holistic acceptance includes backwards/forwards compatibility, adhering to API and flag conventions, subtle performance and correctness issues, interactions with other parts of the system, and others. Approver status is scoped to a part of the codebase. Approvers were previously referred to as maintainers.
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cAdvisorLINK
cAdvisor (Container Advisor) provides container users an understanding of the resource usage and performance characteristics of their running containers.
[+]It is a running daemon that collects, aggregates, processes, and exports information about running containers. Specifically, for each container it keeps resource isolation parameters, historical resource usage, histograms of complete historical resource usage and network statistics. This data is exported by container and machine-wide.
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Cloud Controller ManagerLINK
A Kubernetes control plane component that embeds cloud-specific control logic. The cloud controller manager lets you link your cluster into your cloud provider's API, and separates out the components that interact with that cloud platform from components that only interact with your cluster.
[+]By decoupling the interoperability logic between Kubernetes and the underlying cloud infrastructure, the cloud-controller-manager component enables cloud providers to release features at a different pace compared to the main Kubernetes project.
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ClusterLINK
A set of worker machines, called nodes, that run containerized applications. Every cluster has at least one worker node.
[+]The worker node(s) host the Pods that are the components of the application workload. The control plane manages the worker nodes and the Pods in the cluster. In production environments, the control plane usually runs across multiple computers and a cluster usually runs multiple nodes, providing fault-tolerance and high availability.
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Cluster OperationsLINK
The work involved in managing a Kubernetes cluster: managing day-to-day operations, and co-ordinating upgrades.
[+]Examples of cluster operations work include: deploying new Nodes to scale the cluster; performing software upgrades; implementing security controls; adding or removing storage; configuring cluster networking; managing cluster-wide observability; and responding to events.
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Code ContributorLINK
A person who develops and contributes code to the Kubernetes open source codebase.
[+]They are also an active community member who participates in one or more Special Interest Groups (SIGs).
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ConfigMapLINK
An API object used to store non-confidential data in key-value pairs. Pods can consume ConfigMaps as environment variables, command-line arguments, or as configuration files in a volume.
[+]A ConfigMap allows you to decouple environment-specific configuration from your container images, so that your applications are easily portable.
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ContainerLINK
A lightweight and portable executable image that contains software and all of its dependencies.
[+]Containers decouple applications from underlying host infrastructure to make deployment easier in different cloud or OS environments, and for easier scaling. The applications that run inside containers are called containerized applications. The process of bundling these applications and their dependencies into a container image is called containerization.
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Container Environment VariablesLINK
Container environment variables are name=value pairs that provide useful information into containers running in a pod
[+]Container environment variables provide information that is required by the running containerized applications along with information about important resources to the containers. For example, file system details, information about the container itself, and other cluster resources such as service endpoints.
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Container Lifecycle HooksLINK
The lifecycle hooks expose events in the Container management lifecycle and let the user run code when the events occur.
[+]Two hooks are exposed to Containers: PostStart which executes immediately after a container is created and PreStop which is blocking and is called immediately before a container is terminated.
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Container RuntimeLINK
The container runtime is the software that is responsible for running containers.
[+]Kubernetes supports container runtimes such as containerd, CRI-O, and any other implementation of the Kubernetes CRI (Container Runtime Interface).
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Container Storage Interface (CSI)LINK
The Container Storage Interface (CSI) defines a standard interface to expose storage systems to containers.
[+]CSI allows vendors to create custom storage plugins for Kubernetes without adding them to the Kubernetes repository (out-of-tree plugins). To use a CSI driver from a storage provider, you must first deploy it to your cluster. You will then be able to create a Storage Class that uses that CSI driver.
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ContributorLINK
Someone who donates code, documentation, or their time to help the Kubernetes project or community.
[+]Contributions include pull requests (PRs), issues, feedback, special interest groups (SIG) participation, or organizing community events.
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Control PlaneLINK
The container orchestration layer that exposes the API and interfaces to define, deploy, and manage the lifecycle of containers.
[+]This layer is composed by many different components, such as (but not restricted to):
These components can be run as traditional operating system services (daemons) or as containers. The hosts running these components were historically called masters.
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ControllerLINK
In Kubernetes, controllers are control loops that watch the state of your cluster, then make or request changes where needed. Each controller tries to move the current cluster state closer to the desired state.
[+]Controllers watch the shared state of your cluster through the apiserver (part of the Control Plane).
Some controllers also run inside the control plane, providing control loops that are core to Kubernetes' operations. For example: the deployment controller, the daemonset controller, the namespace controller, and the persistent volume controller (and others) all run within the kube-controller-manager.
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CRI-OLINK
A tool that lets you use OCI container runtimes with Kubernetes CRI.
[+]CRI-O is an implementation of the Container runtime interface (CRI) to enable using container runtimes that are compatible with the Open Container Initiative (OCI) runtime spec.
Deploying CRI-O allows Kubernetes to use any OCI-compliant runtime as the container runtime for running Pods, and to fetch OCI container images from remote registries.
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DeploymentLINK
An API object that manages a replicated application, typically by running Pods with no local state.
[+]Each replica is represented by a Pod, and the Pods are distributed among the nodes of a cluster. For workloads that do require local state, consider using a StatefulSet.
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Developer (disambiguation)LINK
May refer to: Application Developer, Code Contributor, or Platform Developer.
[+]This overloaded term may have different meanings depending on the context
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Device PluginLINK
Device plugins run on worker Nodes and provide Pods with access to resources, such as local hardware, that require vendor-specific initialization or setup steps.
[+]Device plugins advertise resources to the kubelet, so that workload Pods can access hardware features that relate to the Node where that Pod is running. You can deploy a device plugin as a DaemonSet, or install the device plugin software directly on each target Node.
See Device Plugins for more information.
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DisruptionLINK
Disruptions are events that lead to one or more Pods going out of service. A disruption has consequences for workload resources, such as Deployment, that rely on the affected Pods.
[+]If you, as cluster operator, destroy a Pod that belongs to an application, Kubernetes terms that a voluntary disruption. If a Pod goes offline because of a Node failure, or an outage affecting a wider failure zone, Kubernetes terms that an involuntary disruption.
See Disruptions for more information.
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DockerLINK
Docker (specifically, Docker Engine) is a software technology providing operating-system-level virtualization also known as containers.
[+]Docker uses the resource isolation features of the Linux kernel such as cgroups and kernel namespaces, and a union-capable file system such as OverlayFS and others to allow independent containers to run within a single Linux instance, avoiding the overhead of starting and maintaining virtual machines (VMs).
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Downstream (disambiguation)LINK
May refer to: code in the Kubernetes ecosystem that depends upon the core Kubernetes codebase or a forked repo.
[+]- In the Kubernetes Community: Conversations often use downstream to mean the ecosystem, code, or third-party tools that rely on the core Kubernetes codebase. For example, a new feature in Kubernetes may be adopted by applications downstream to improve their functionality.
- In GitHub or git: The convention is to refer to a forked repo as downstream, whereas the source repo is considered upstream.
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Downward APILINK
Kubernetes' mechanism to expose Pod and container field values to code running in a container.
[+]It is sometimes useful for a container to have information about itself, without needing to make changes to the container code that directly couple it to Kubernetes.
The Kubernetes downward API allows containers to consume information about themselves or their context in a Kubernetes cluster. Applications in containers can have access to that information, without the application needing to act as a client of the Kubernetes API.
There are two ways to expose Pod and container fields to a running container:
- using environment variables
- using a
downwardAPIvolume
Together, these two ways of exposing Pod and container fields are called the downward API.
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Dynamic Volume ProvisioningLINK
Allows users to request automatic creation of storage Volumes.
[+]Dynamic provisioning eliminates the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. Instead, it automatically provisions storage by user request. Dynamic volume provisioning is based on an API object, StorageClass, referring to a Volume Plugin that provisions a Volume and the set of parameters to pass to the Volume Plugin.
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EndpointsLINK
Endpoints track the IP addresses of Pods with matching selectors.
[+]Endpoints can be configured manually for Services without selectors specified. The EndpointSlice resource provides a scalable and extensible alternative to Endpoints.
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EndpointSliceLINK
A way to group network endpoints together with Kubernetes resources.
[+]A scalable and extensible way to group network endpoints together. These can be used by kube-proxy to establish network routes on each node.
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Ephemeral ContainerLINK
A Container type that you can temporarily run inside a Pod.
[+]If you want to investigate a Pod that's running with problems, you can add an ephemeral container to that Pod and carry out diagnostics. Ephemeral containers have no resource or scheduling guarantees, and you should not use them to run any part of the workload itself.
Ephemeral containers are not supported by static pods.
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EventLINK
Each Event is a report of an event somewhere in the cluster. It generally denotes some state change in the system.
[+]Events have a limited retention time and triggers and messages may evolve with time. Event consumers should not rely on the timing of an event with a given reason reflecting a consistent underlying trigger, or the continued existence of events with that reason.
Events should be treated as informative, best-effort, supplemental data.
In Kubernetes, auditing generates a different kind of Event record (API group
audit.k8s.io). -
ExtensionsLINK
Extensions are software components that extend and deeply integrate with Kubernetes to support new types of hardware.
[+]Many cluster administrators use a hosted or distribution instance of Kubernetes. These clusters come with extensions pre-installed. As a result, most Kubernetes users will not need to install extensions and even fewer users will need to author new ones.
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Feature gateLINK
Feature gates are a set of keys (opaque string values) that you can use to control which Kubernetes features are enabled in your cluster.
[+]You can turn these features on or off using the
--feature-gatescommand line flag on each Kubernetes component. Each Kubernetes component lets you enable or disable a set of feature gates that are relevant to that component. The Kubernetes documentation lists all current feature gates and what they control. -
FinalizerLINK
Finalizers are namespaced keys that tell Kubernetes to wait until specific conditions are met before it fully deletes resources marked for deletion. Finalizers alert controllers to clean up resources the deleted object owned.
[+]When you tell Kubernetes to delete an object that has finalizers specified for it, the Kubernetes API marks the object for deletion by populating
.metadata.deletionTimestamp, and returns a202status code (HTTP "Accepted"). The target object remains in a terminating state while the control plane, or other components, take the actions defined by the finalizers. After these actions are complete, the controller removes the relevant finalizers from the target object. When themetadata.finalizersfield is empty, Kubernetes considers the deletion complete and deletes the object.You can use finalizers to control garbage collection of resources. For example, you can define a finalizer to clean up related resources or infrastructure before the controller deletes the target resource.
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FlexVolumeLINK
FlexVolume is a deprecated interface for creating out-of-tree volume plugins. The Container Storage Interface is a newer interface that addresses several problems with FlexVolume.
[+]FlexVolumes enable users to write their own drivers and add support for their volumes in Kubernetes. FlexVolume driver binaries and dependencies must be installed on host machines. This requires root access. The Storage SIG suggests implementing a CSI driver if possible since it addresses the limitations with FlexVolumes.
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Garbage CollectionLINK
Garbage collection is a collective term for the various mechanisms Kubernetes uses to clean up cluster resources.
[+]Kubernetes uses garbage collection to clean up resources like unused containers and images, failed Pods, objects owned by the targeted resource, completed Jobs, and resources that have expired or failed.
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Horizontal Pod AutoscalerLINKके रूप में भी जाना जाता है:HPA
An API resource that automatically scales the number of Pod replicas based on targeted CPU utilization or custom metric targets.
[+]HPA is typically used with ReplicationControllers, Deployments, or ReplicaSets. It cannot be applied to objects that cannot be scaled, for example DaemonSets.
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HostAliasesLINK
A HostAliases is a mapping between the IP address and hostname to be injected into a Pod's hosts file.
[+]HostAliases is an optional list of hostnames and IP addresses that will be injected into the Pod's hosts file if specified. This is only valid for non-hostNetwork Pods.
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ImageLINK
Stored instance of a Container that holds a set of software needed to run an application.
[+]A way of packaging software that allows it to be stored in a container registry, pulled to a local system, and run as an application. Meta data is included in the image that can indicate what executable to run, who built it, and other information.
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Init ContainerLINK
One or more initialization containers that must run to completion before any app containers run.
[+]Initialization (init) containers are like regular app containers, with one difference: init containers must run to completion before any app containers can start. Init containers run in series: each init container must run to completion before the next init container begins.
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IstioLINK
एक ओपन प्लैटफ़ॉर्म (कुबेरनेट्स-विशिष्ट नहीं) जो माइक्रोसर्विसेज को एकीकृत करने, ट्रैफ़िक प्रवाह को प्रबंधित करने, नीतियों को लागू करने और टेलीमेट्री डेटा को एकत्र करने का एक समान तरीका प्रदान करता हैं।
[+]Istio को जोड़ने के लिए एप्लिकेशन कोड बदलने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। यह एक सर्विस और नेटवर्क के बीच बुनियादी ढांचे की एक परत है, जिसे जब सर्विस डिप्लॉयमेंट के साथ जोड़ा जाता है, तो इसे आमतौर पर सर्विस मैश (Service Mesh) के रूप में भी जाना जाता है। Istio का कंट्रोल प्लेन अंतर्निहित क्लस्टर प्रबंधन प्लैटफ़ॉर्म को अलग कर देता है, जो कुबेरनेट्स, Mesosphere आदि हो सकते हैं।
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kOps (Kubernetes Operations)LINK
[+]kOpswill not only help you create, destroy, upgrade and maintain production-grade, highly available, Kubernetes cluster, but it will also provision the necessary cloud infrastructure.Note: AWS (Amazon Web Services) is currently officially supported, with DigitalOcean, GCE and OpenStack in beta support, and Azure in alpha.kOpsis an automated provisioning system:- Fully automated installation
- Uses DNS to identify clusters
- Self-healing: everything runs in Auto-Scaling Groups
- Multiple OS support (Amazon Linux, Debian, Flatcar, RHEL, Rocky and Ubuntu)
- High-Availability support
- Can directly provision, or generate terraform manifests
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kube-controller-managerLINK
Control plane component that runs controller processes.
[+]Logically, each controller is a separate process, but to reduce complexity, they are all compiled into a single binary and run in a single process.
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kube-proxyLINK
kube-proxy is a network proxy that runs on each node in your cluster, implementing part of the Kubernetes Service concept.
[+]kube-proxy maintains network rules on nodes. These network rules allow network communication to your Pods from network sessions inside or outside of your cluster.
kube-proxy uses the operating system packet filtering layer if there is one and it's available. Otherwise, kube-proxy forwards the traffic itself.
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kube-schedulerLINK
Control plane component that watches for newly created Pods with no assigned node, and selects a node for them to run on.
[+]Factors taken into account for scheduling decisions include: individual and collective resource requirements, hardware/software/policy constraints, affinity and anti-affinity specifications, data locality, inter-workload interference, and deadlines.
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KubectlLINKके रूप में भी जाना जाता है:kubectl
Command line tool for communicating with a Kubernetes cluster's control plane, using the Kubernetes API.
[+]You can use
kubectlto create, inspect, update, and delete Kubernetes objects. -
KubeletLINK
An agent that runs on each node in the cluster. It makes sure that containers are running in a Pod.
[+]The kubelet takes a set of PodSpecs that are provided through various mechanisms and ensures that the containers described in those PodSpecs are running and healthy. The kubelet doesn't manage containers which were not created by Kubernetes.
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Kubernetes APILINK
The application that serves Kubernetes functionality through a RESTful interface and stores the state of the cluster.
[+]Kubernetes resources and "records of intent" are all stored as API objects, and modified via RESTful calls to the API. The API allows configuration to be managed in a declarative way. Users can interact with the Kubernetes API directly, or via tools like
kubectl. The core Kubernetes API is flexible and can also be extended to support custom resources. -
MasterLINK
Legacy term, used as synonym for nodes hosting the control plane.
[+]The term is still being used by some provisioning tools, such as kubeadm, and managed services, to label nodes with
kubernetes.io/roleand control placement of control plane pods. -
MemberLINK
A continuously active contributor in the K8s community.
[+]Members can have issues and PRs assigned to them and participate in special interest groups (SIGs) through GitHub teams. Pre-submit tests are automatically run for members' PRs. A member is expected to remain an active contributor to the community.
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MinikubeLINK
A tool for running Kubernetes locally.
[+]Minikube runs a single-node cluster inside a VM on your computer. You can use Minikube to try Kubernetes in a learning environment.
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Mirror PodLINK
A pod object that a kubelet uses to represent a static pod
[+]When the kubelet finds a static pod in its configuration, it automatically tries to create a Pod object on the Kubernetes API server for it. This means that the pod will be visible on the API server, but cannot be controlled from there.
(For example, removing a mirror pod will not stop the kubelet daemon from running it).
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NamespaceLINK
An abstraction used by Kubernetes to support isolation of groups of resources within a single cluster.
[+]Namespaces are used to organize objects in a cluster and provide a way to divide cluster resources. Names of resources need to be unique within a namespace, but not across namespaces. Namespace-based scoping is applicable only for namespaced objects (e.g. Deployments, Services, etc) and not for cluster-wide objects (e.g. StorageClass, Nodes, PersistentVolumes, etc).
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Network PolicyLINK
A specification of how groups of Pods are allowed to communicate with each other and with other network endpoints.
[+]Network Policies help you declaratively configure which Pods are allowed to connect to each other, which namespaces are allowed to communicate, and more specifically which port numbers to enforce each policy on.
NetworkPolicyresources use labels to select Pods and define rules which specify what traffic is allowed to the selected Pods. Network Policies are implemented by a supported network plugin provided by a network provider. Be aware that creating a network resource without a controller to implement it will have no effect. -
NodeLINK
A node is a worker machine in Kubernetes.
[+]A worker node may be a VM or physical machine, depending on the cluster. It has local daemons or services necessary to run Pods and is managed by the control plane. The daemons on a node include kubelet, kube-proxy, and a container runtime implementing the CRI such as Docker.
In early Kubernetes versions, Nodes were called "Minions".
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Node-pressure evictionLINKके रूप में भी जाना जाता है:kubelet eviction
Node-pressure eviction is the process by which the kubelet proactively terminates pods to reclaim resources on nodes.
[+]The kubelet monitors resources like CPU, memory, disk space, and filesystem inodes on your cluster's nodes. When one or more of these resources reach specific consumption levels, the kubelet can proactively fail one or more pods on the node to reclaim resources and prevent starvation.
Node-pressure eviction is not the same as API-initiated eviction.
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ObjectLINK
An entity in the Kubernetes system. The Kubernetes API uses these entities to represent the state of your cluster.
[+]A Kubernetes object is typically a “record of intent”—once you create the object, the Kubernetes control plane works constantly to ensure that the item it represents actually exists. By creating an object, you're effectively telling the Kubernetes system what you want that part of your cluster's workload to look like; this is your cluster's desired state.
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Persistent VolumeLINK
An API object that represents a piece of storage in the cluster. Available as a general, pluggable resource that persists beyond the lifecycle of any individual Pod.
[+]PersistentVolumes (PVs) provide an API that abstracts details of how storage is provided from how it is consumed. PVs are used directly in scenarios where storage can be created ahead of time (static provisioning). For scenarios that require on-demand storage (dynamic provisioning), PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs) are used instead.
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Persistent Volume ClaimLINK
Claims storage resources defined in a PersistentVolume so that it can be mounted as a volume in a container.
[+]Specifies the amount of storage, how the storage will be accessed (read-only, read-write and/or exclusive) and how it is reclaimed (retained, recycled or deleted). Details of the storage itself are described in the PersistentVolume object.
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Platform DeveloperLINK
A person who customizes the Kubernetes platform to fit the needs of their project.
[+]A platform developer may, for example, use Custom Resources or Extend the Kubernetes API with the aggregation layer to add functionality to their instance of Kubernetes, specifically for their application. Some Platform Developers are also contributors and develop extensions which are contributed to the Kubernetes community. Others develop closed-source commercial or site-specific extensions.
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Pod Disruption BudgetLINKके रूप में भी जाना जाता है:PDB
A Pod Disruption Budget allows an application owner to create an object for a replicated application, that ensures a certain number or percentage of Pods with an assigned label will not be voluntarily evicted at any point in time.
[+]Involuntary disruptions cannot be prevented by PDBs; however they do count against the budget.
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Pod PriorityLINK
Pod Priority indicates the importance of a Pod relative to other Pods.
[+]Pod Priority gives the ability to set scheduling priority of a Pod to be higher and lower than other Pods — an important feature for production clusters workload.
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Pod Security PolicyLINK
Enables fine-grained authorization of Pod creation and updates.
[+]A cluster-level resource that controls security sensitive aspects of the Pod specification. The
PodSecurityPolicyobjects define a set of conditions that a Pod must run with in order to be accepted into the system, as well as defaults for the related fields. Pod Security Policy control is implemented as an optional admission controller.PodSecurityPolicy was deprecated as of Kubernetes v1.21, and removed in v1.25. As an alternative, use Pod Security Admission or a 3rd party admission plugin.
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ProxyLINK
In computing, a proxy is a server that acts as an intermediary for a remote service.
[+]A client interacts with the proxy; the proxy copies the client's data to the actual server; the actual server replies to the proxy; the proxy sends the actual server's reply to the client.
kube-proxy is a network proxy that runs on each node in your cluster, implementing part of the Kubernetes Service concept.
You can run kube-proxy as a plain userland proxy service. If your operating system supports it, you can instead run kube-proxy in a hybrid mode that achieves the same overall effect using less system resources.
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QoS ClassLINK
QoS Class (Quality of Service Class) provides a way for Kubernetes to classify Pods within the cluster into several classes and make decisions about scheduling and eviction.
[+]QoS Class of a Pod is set at creation time based on its compute resources requests and limits settings. QoS classes are used to make decisions about Pods scheduling and eviction. Kubernetes can assign one of the following QoS classes to a Pod:
Guaranteed,BurstableorBestEffort. -
QuantityLINK
A whole-number representation of small or large numbers using SI suffixes.
[+]Quantities are representations of small or large numbers using a compact, whole-number notation with SI suffixes. Fractional numbers are represented using milli units, while large numbers can be represented using kilo, mega, or giga units.
For instance, the number
1.5is represented as1500m, while the number1000can be represented as1k, and1000000as1M. You can also specify binary-notation suffixes; the number 2048 can be written as2Ki.The accepted decimal (power-of-10) units are
m(milli),k(kilo, intentionally lowercase),M(mega),G(giga),T(tera),P(peta),E(exa).The accepted binary (power-of-2) units are
Ki(kibi),Mi(mebi),Gi(gibi),Ti(tebi),Pi(pebi),Ei(exbi). -
RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)LINK
Manages authorization decisions, allowing admins to dynamically configure access policies through the Kubernetes API.
[+]RBAC utilizes roles, which contain permission rules, and role bindings, which grant the permissions defined in a role to a set of users.
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ReplicationControllerLINK
A workload resource that manages a replicated application, ensuring that a specific number of instances of a Pod are running.
[+]The control plane ensures that the defined number of Pods are running, even if some Pods fail, if you delete Pods manually, or if too many are started by mistake.
Note: ReplicationController is deprecated. See Deployment, which is similar. -
SecretLINK
Stores sensitive information, such as passwords, OAuth tokens, and SSH keys.
[+]Secrets give you more control over how sensitive information is used and reduces the risk of accidental exposure. Secret values are encoded as base64 strings and are stored unencrypted by default, but can be configured to be encrypted at rest.
A Pod can reference the Secret in a variety of ways, such as in a volume mount or as an environment variable. Secrets are designed for confidential data and ConfigMaps are designed for non-confidential data.
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Security ContextLINK
The
[+]securityContextfield defines privilege and access control settings for a Pod or container.In a
securityContext, you can define: the user that processes run as, the group that processes run as, and privilege settings. You can also configure security policies (for example: SELinux, AppArmor or seccomp).The
PodSpec.securityContextsetting applies to all containers in a Pod. -
ServiceLINK
An abstract way to expose an application running on a set of Pods as a network service.
[+]The set of Pods targeted by a Service is (usually) determined by a selector. If more Pods are added or removed, the set of Pods matching the selector will change. The Service makes sure that network traffic can be directed to the current set of Pods for the workload.
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Service CatalogLINK
A former extension API that enabled applications running in Kubernetes clusters to easily use external managed software offerings, such as a datastore service offered by a cloud provider.
[+]It provided a way to list, provision, and bind with external Managed Services without needing detailed knowledge about how those services would be created or managed.
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ServiceAccountLINK
Provides an identity for processes that run in a Pod.
[+]When processes inside Pods access the cluster, they are authenticated by the API server as a particular service account, for example,
default. When you create a Pod, if you do not specify a service account, it is automatically assigned the default service account in the same Namespace. -
Shuffle-shardingLINK
A technique for assigning requests to queues that provides better isolation than hashing modulo the number of queues.
[+]We are often concerned with insulating different flows of requests from each other, so that a high-intensity flow does not crowd out low-intensity flows. A simple way to put requests into queues is to hash some characteristics of the request, modulo the number of queues, to get the index of the queue to use. The hash function uses as input characteristics of the request that align with flows. For example, in the Internet this is often the 5-tuple of source and destination address, protocol, and source and destination port.
That simple hash-based scheme has the property that any high-intensity flow will crowd out all the low-intensity flows that hash to the same queue. Providing good insulation for a large number of flows requires a large number of queues, which is problematic. Shuffle-sharding is a more nimble technique that can do a better job of insulating the low-intensity flows from the high-intensity flows. The terminology of shuffle-sharding uses the metaphor of dealing a hand from a deck of cards; each queue is a metaphorical card. The shuffle-sharding technique starts with hashing the flow-identifying characteristics of the request, to produce a hash value with dozens or more of bits. Then the hash value is used as a source of entropy to shuffle the deck and deal a hand of cards (queues). All the dealt queues are examined, and the request is put into one of the examined queues with the shortest length. With a modest hand size, it does not cost much to examine all the dealt cards and a given low-intensity flow has a good chance to dodge the effects of a given high-intensity flow. With a large hand size it is expensive to examine the dealt queues and more difficult for the low-intensity flows to dodge the collective effects of a set of high-intensity flows. Thus, the hand size should be chosen judiciously.
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SIG (special interest group)LINK
Community members who collectively manage an ongoing piece or aspect of the larger Kubernetes open source project.
[+]Members within a SIG have a shared interest in advancing a specific area, such as architecture, API machinery, or documentation. SIGs must follow the SIG governance guidelines, but can have their own contribution policy and channels of communication.
For more information, see the kubernetes/community repo and the current list of SIGs and Working Groups.
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Static PodLINK
A pod managed directly by the kubelet daemon on a specific node,
[+]without the API server observing it.
Static Pods do not support ephemeral containers.
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Storage ClassLINK
A StorageClass provides a way for administrators to describe different available storage types.
[+]StorageClasses can map to quality-of-service levels, backup policies, or to arbitrary policies determined by cluster administrators. Each StorageClass contains the fields
provisioner,parameters, andreclaimPolicy, which are used when a Persistent Volume belonging to the class needs to be dynamically provisioned. Users can request a particular class using the name of a StorageClass object. -
sysctlLINK
[+]sysctlis a semi-standardized interface for reading or changing the attributes of the running Unix kernel.On Unix-like systems,
sysctlis both the name of the tool that administrators use to view and modify these settings, and also the system call that the tool uses.Container runtimes and network plugins may rely on
sysctlvalues being set a certain way. -
TaintLINK
A core object consisting of three required properties: key, value, and effect. Taints prevent the scheduling of Pods on nodes or node groups.
[+]Taints and tolerations work together to ensure that pods are not scheduled onto inappropriate nodes. One or more taints are applied to a node. A node should only schedule a Pod with the matching tolerations for the configured taints.
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Upstream (disambiguation)LINK
May refer to: core Kubernetes or the source repo from which a repo was forked.
[+]- In the Kubernetes Community: Conversations often use upstream to mean the core Kubernetes codebase, which the general ecosystem, other code, or third-party tools rely upon. For example, community members may suggest that a feature is moved upstream so that it is in the core codebase instead of in a plugin or third-party tool.
- In GitHub or git: The convention is to refer to a source repo as upstream, whereas the forked repo is considered downstream.
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user namespaceLINK
A kernel feature to emulate root. Used for "rootless containers".
[+]User namespaces are a Linux kernel feature that allows a non-root user to emulate superuser ("root") privileges, for example in order to run containers without being a superuser outside the container.
User namespace is effective for mitigating damage of potential container break-out attacks.
In the context of user namespaces, the namespace is a Linux kernel feature, and not a namespace in the Kubernetes sense of the term.
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VolumeLINK
A directory containing data, accessible to the containers in a Pod.
[+]A Kubernetes volume lives as long as the Pod that encloses it. Consequently, a volume outlives any containers that run within the Pod, and data in the volume is preserved across container restarts.
See storage for more information.
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Volume PluginLINK
A Volume Plugin enables integration of storage within a Pod.
[+]A Volume Plugin lets you attach and mount storage volumes for use by a Pod. Volume plugins can be in tree or out of tree. In tree plugins are part of the Kubernetes code repository and follow its release cycle. Out of tree plugins are developed independently.
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WG (working group)LINK
Facilitates the discussion and/or implementation of a short-lived, narrow, or decoupled project for a committee, SIG, or cross-SIG effort.
[+]Working groups are a way of organizing people to accomplish a discrete task.
For more information, see the kubernetes/community repo and the current list of SIGs and working groups.
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WorkloadLINK
A workload is an application running on Kubernetes.
[+]Various core objects that represent different types or parts of a workload include the DaemonSet, Deployment, Job, ReplicaSet, and StatefulSet objects.
For example, a workload that has a web server and a database might run the database in one StatefulSet and the web server in a Deployment.
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आत्मीयताLINK
कुबेरनेट्स में, आत्मीयता नियमों का एक समूह है जो शेड्यूलर को संकेत देता है कि पॉड्स को कहाँ रखा जाए।
[+] -
एग्रीगेशन लेयरLINK
एग्रीगेशन लेयर आपको अपने क्लस्टर में अतिरिक्त कुबेरनेट्स-शैली API स्थापित करने देता है।
[+]जब आपने कुबेरनेट्स API सर्वर को अतिरिक्त API का समर्थन करने के लिए कॉन्फ़िगर किया हो, आप कुबेरनेट्स API में URL पाथ का "दावा" करने के लिए
APIServiceऑब्जेक्ट जोड़ सकते हैं। -
एप्लीकेशन आर्किटेक्ट (Application Architect)LINK
किसी एप्लिकेशन के उच्च-स्तरीय रचना के लिए जिम्मेदार व्यक्ति।
[+]एक आर्किटेक्ट यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि एक ऐप का अमल इसे अपने आसपास के घटकों के साथ एक स्केलेबल, रखरखाव योग्य तरीके से बातचीत करने की अनुमति देता है। आसपास के घटकों में डेटाबेस, लॉगिंग इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर और अन्य माइक्रोसर्विसेज शामिल हैं।
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ऐड-ऑनLINK
संसाधन जो कुबेरनेट्स की कार्यक्षमता का विस्तार करते हैं।
[+]ऐड-ऑन इंस्टॉल करना अपने क्लस्टर के साथ ऐड-ऑन का उपयोग करने के बारे में अधिक जानकारी देता है, और कुछ लोकप्रिय ऐड-ऑन को सूचीबद्ध करता है।
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ऑपरेटर पैटर्नLINK
ऑपरेटर पैटर्न एक सिस्टम रचना है जो नियंत्रक को एक या अधिक कस्टम संसाधनों से जोड़ता है।
[+]आप अंतर्निहित नियंत्रक, जो स्वयं कुबेरनेट्स का हिस्सा हैं, का उपयोग करने से परे, अपने क्लस्टर में नियंत्रकों को जोड़कर कुबेरनेट्स की कार्यक्षमता का विस्तार कर सकते हैं।
यदि कोई चालू एप्लिकेशन नियंत्रक के रूप में कार्य करता है और उसके पास कंट्रोल प्लेन में परिभाषित कस्टम संसाधन पर कार्य करने के लिए API अभिगम है, तो यह ऑपरेटर पैटर्न का एक उदाहरण है।
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कंटेनर नेटवर्क इंटरफ़ेस (CNI)LINK
कंटेनर नेटवर्क इंटरफ़ेस (CNI) प्लगइन एक प्रकार का नेटवर्क प्लगइन हैं जो appc/CNI विनिर्देश का पालन करते हैं।
[+]- कुबेरनेट्स और CNI के बारे में जानकारी के लिए, "नेटवर्क प्लगइन्स" देखें।
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कंटेनर रनटाइम इंटरफ़ेस (Container Runtime Interface)LINK
क्यूबलेट और कंटेनर रनटाइम के बीच संचार के लिए मुख्य प्रोटोकॉल।
[+]क्लस्टर घटक क्यूबलेट और कंटेनर रनटाइम के बीच संचार के लिए कुबेरनेट्स कंटेनर रनटाइम इंटरफेस (सीआरआई) मुख्य gRPC प्रोटोकॉल को परिभाषित करता है।
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क्यूबएडीएम (Kubeadm)LINK
कुबेरनेट्स को जल्दी से इंस्टॉल करने और एक सुरक्षित क्लस्टर स्थापित करने के लिए एक उपकरण।
[+]आप कंट्रोल प्लेन और वर्कर नोड्स दोनों घटकों को स्थापित करने के लिए क्यूबएडीएम का उपयोग कर सकते हैं।
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क्लस्टर ऑपरेटर (Cluster Operator)LINK
एक व्यक्ति जो क्लस्टर को कॉन्फ़िगर, नियंत्रित और मॉनिटर करता है।
[+]उनकी प्राथमिक जिम्मेदारी एक क्लस्टर को चालू रखना और चलाना है, जिसमें आवधिक रखरखाव गतिविधियां या उन्नयन शामिल हो सकते हैं।
टिप्पणी: क्लस्टर ऑपरेटर ऑपरेटर पैटर्न से भिन्न होते हैं जो कुबेरनेट्स एपीआई का विस्तार करते है। -
क्लाउड नेटिव कंप्यूटिंग फाउंडेशन (CNCF)LINK
क्लाउड नेटिव कंप्यूटिंग फाउंडेशन (CNCF) स्थायी पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र का निर्माण करता है और परियोजना के आसपास समुदाय को बढ़ावा देता है जो एक माइक्रोसर्विस आर्किटेक्चर के हिस्से के रूप में कंटेनरों को ओर्केस्ट्रेट करता है।
कुबेरनेट्स एक CNCF परियोजना है।
[+]CNCF Linux फाउंडेशन का एक उप-संस्थान है। इसका लक्ष्य क्लाउड नेटिव कंप्यूटिंग को सर्वव्यापी बनाना है।
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क्लाउड प्रदाता (Cloud Provider)LINKके रूप में भी जाना जाता है:क्लाउड सेवा प्रदाता (Cloud Service Provider)
एक व्यवसाय या अन्य संगठन जो क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग प्लेटफॉर्म प्रदान करता हैं।
[+]क्लाउड प्रदाता, जिन्हें कभी-कभी क्लाउड सेवा प्रदाता (CSP) भी कहा जाता है, क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग प्लेटफॉर्म या सेवाएं प्रदान करते हैं।
कई क्लाउड प्रदाता प्रबंधित अवसंरचना प्रदान करते हैं (जिन्हें Infrastructure as a Service या IaaS भी कहा जाता है)। प्रबंधित अवसंरचना के साथ क्लाउड प्रदाता सर्वर, स्टोरेज और नेटवर्किंग प्रदान करने के लिए जिम्मेदार है जबकि आप उसके ऊपरी लेयर्स का प्रबंधन करते हैं जैसे कि कुबेरनेट्स क्लस्टर चलाना।
आप कुबेरनेट्स को एक प्रबंधित सेवा के रूप में भी पा सकते हैं; कई बार इसे Platform as a Service, या PaaS भी कहा जाता है। प्रबंधित कुबेरनेट्स के साथ, आपका क्लाउड प्रदाता कुबेरनेट्स कंट्रोल प्लेननोड और जिस अवसंरचना पर वे भरोसा करते हैं: नेटवर्किंग, स्टोरेज, और संभवतः अन्य तत्व जैसे लोड बैलेंसर्स के लिए जिम्मेदार है।
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डॉकरशिम (Dockershim)LINK
डॉकरशिम कुबेरनेट्स संस्करण 1.23 और पहले का एक घटक है। यह क्यूबलेट को डॉकर इंजन के साथ संचार करने के लिए अनुमति देता है।
[+]संस्करण 1.24 से शुरू होकर, डॉकरशिम को कुबेरनेट्स से हटा दिया गया है। अधिक जानकारी के लिए, डॉकरशिम FAQ देखें।
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पॉड (Pod)LINK
सबसे छोटी और सरल कुबेरनेट्स वस्तु। पॉड आपके क्लस्टर में चल रहे कंटेनरों के समूह का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।
[+]एक पॉड आमतौर पर एक प्राथमिक कंटेनर चलाने के लिए स्थापित किया जाता है। यह वैकल्पिक साइडकार कंटेनर भी चला सकता है जो लॉगिंग जैसे पूरक सुविधाओं को जोड़ता है। पॉड्स को आमतौर पर एक डिप्लॉयमेंट द्वारा प्रबंधित किया जाता है।
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पॉड जीवनचक्र (Pod Lifecycle)LINKअवस्थाओं का क्रम जिसके माध्यम से एक पॉड अपने जीवनकाल में गुजरता है। पॉड जीवनचक्र को पॉड की अवस्थाओं या चरणों द्वारा परिभाषित किया जाता है। पाँच संभावित पॉड चरण हैं: Pending, Running, Succeeded, Failed और Unknown। पॉड स्थिति का एक उच्च-स्तरीय विवरण पॉडस्टैटस phase फ़ील्ड में सारांशित किया गया है। . [+]
अवस्थाओं का क्रम जिसके माध्यम से एक पॉड अपने जीवनकाल में गुजरता है।
पॉड जीवनचक्र को पॉड की अवस्थाओं या चरणों द्वारा परिभाषित किया जाता है। पाँच संभावित पॉड चरण हैं: Pending, Running, Succeeded, Failed और Unknown। पॉड स्थिति का एक उच्च-स्तरीय विवरण पॉडस्टैटस
phaseफ़ील्ड में सारांशित किया गया है। . -
पॉड विघटन (Pod Disruption)LINK
पॉड विघटन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा नोड्स पर पॉड्स को स्वेच्छा से या अनैच्छिक रूप से समाप्त कर दिया जाता है।
[+]स्वैच्छिक विघटन एप्लीकेशन मालिक या फिर क्लस्टर प्रशासक अभिप्रायपूर्वक चालू करते है। अनैच्छिक विघटन अनजाने में होते है और वो अपरिहार्य वजह से उत्पन्न हो सकते हैं जैसे कि नोड्स के पास संसाधन ख़तम हो जाना या आकस्मिक विलोपन।
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रेप्लिकासेट (ReplicaSet)LINK
एक रेप्लिकासेट (का उद्देश्य) किसी भी समय चल रहे रेप्लिका पॉड्स का एक समूह बनाए रखना है।
[+]वर्कलोड ऑब्जेक्ट्स, जैसे डिप्लॉयमेंट, रेप्लिकासेट्स के विनिर्देश के आधार पर आपके क्लस्टर पर कॉन्फ़िगर की गई संख्या में पॉड्स चल रहे है ये सुनिश्चित करते हैं।
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सीआईडीआर (CIDR)LINK
सीआईडीआर (क्लासलेस इंटर-डोमेन रौटिंग) IP पतों के ब्लॉक का वर्णन करने के लिए एक संकेतन है और विभिन्न नेटवर्किंग कॉन्फ़िगरेशन में इसका भारी उपयोग किया जाता है।
[+]कुबेरनेट्स के संदर्भ में, प्रत्येक नोड को आरंभिक पते के माध्यम से IP पतों की एक श्रृंखला और सीआईडीआर का उपयोग करके एक सबनेट मास्क सौंपा गया है। यह प्रत्येक पॉड को एक अद्वितीय IP पता निर्दिष्ट करने की अनुमति नोड्स को देता है। हालाँकि यह मूल रूप से IPv4 के लिए एक अवधारणा थी, IPv6 को शामिल करने के लिए सीआईडीआर का विस्तार किया गया है |
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सीएलए (CLA/Contributor License Agreement)LINK
शर्तें जिसके तहत एक योगदानकर्ता अपने योगदान के लिए एक ओपन सोर्स प्रोजेक्ट को लाइसेंस देता है।
[+]सीएलए योगदान सामग्री और बौद्धिक संपदा से जुड़े कानूनी विवादों को सुलझाने में मदद करते है|
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स्टेटफुलसेट (StatefulSet)LINK
पॉड्स के एक सेट की डिप्लॉयमेंट और स्केलिंग का प्रबंधन करता है, और इन पॉड्स के क्रम और विशिष्टता के बारे में गारंटी प्रदान करता है।
[+]एक डिप्लॉयमेंट की तरह, एक स्टेटफुलसेट एक सदृश कंटेनर विनिर्देश पर आधारित पॉड्स का प्रबंधन करता है। डिप्लॉयमेंट के विपरीत, स्टेटफुलसेट अपने प्रत्येक पॉड के लिए एक चिपचिपा पहचान बनाए रखता है। ये पॉड एक ही विनिर्देश से बनाए गए हैं, लेकिन विनिमय करने योग्य नहीं हैं; प्रत्येक का एक स्थायी पहचानकर्ता होता है जिसे वह किसी भी पुनर्निर्धारण के दौरान बनाए रखता है।
यदि आप अपने वर्कलोड को दृढ़ता प्रदान करने के लिए स्टोरेज वॉल्यूम का उपयोग करना चाहते हैं, तो आप समाधान के हिस्से के रूप में स्टेटफुलसेट का उपयोग कर सकते हैं। हालांकि स्टेटफुलसेट में अलग-अलग पॉड विफलता के लिए अतिसंवेदनशील होते हैं, दृढ़ पॉड पहचानकर्ता मौजूदा वॉल्यूम को नए पॉड्स से मिलाना आसान बनाते हैं जो असफल होने वाले किसी भी पॉड को प्रतिस्थापित करता है।
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हेल्म चार्ट (Helm Chart)LINK
हेल्म चार्ट(Helm Chart) पूर्व-कॉन्फ़िगर (pre-configured) किए गए कुबेरनेट्स संसाधनों का एक पैकेज है जिसे हेल्म टूल के माध्यम से प्रबंधित किया जा सकता है।
[+]चार्ट्स कुबेरनेट्स एप्लिकेशन बनाने और साझा करने के लिए एक पुनरुत्पादनीय तरीका प्रदान करते हैं। एक एकल चार्ट का उपयोग कुछ सरल, जैसे कि मेमकैच्ड पॉड (Memcached Pod), या फिर कुछ जटिल, जैसे HTTP सर्वर, डेटाबेस, कैश (cache) आदि के साथ एक फुल वेब ऐप स्टैक को डिप्लॉय करने के लिए किया जा सकता है।
प्रतिक्रिया
क्या यह पृष्ठ उपयोगी था?
प्रतिक्रिया के लिए धन्यवाद। यदि आपके पास कुबेरनेट्स का उपयोग करने के तरीके के बारे में कोई विशिष्ट, जवाबदेह प्रश्न है, तो इस पर पूछें Stack Overflow. यदि आप चाहते हैं तो GitHub रेपो में एक issue खोलें समस्या के बारे में बताएं या सुधार का सुझाव दें.